![](data:image/png;base64,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)
In line with the CiPA initiative,
in silico computational reconstruction of the human cardiac action potential
is one of the three in vitro safety pharmacology methods to be used
in order to reduce drug attrition earlier, faster and cheaper
during the process of drug candidate discovery
Safe Cardiac Action Potential Test (SCAP Test)
is a database describing
the effects of various ions, cardiac currents or drugs
on human epi-, mid and endocardial myocytes cardiac action potential
studied by in silico computational simulation using the O'Hara Rudy model